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- USING ISTAR - FOR SEMANTIC NETS
-
- In the previous chapter, we have concentrated on inference nets; now we
- turn to semantic nets which, in the simple form supported by Istar, are
- like the Mind Maps common in the decision support arena. Istar isn't yet
- ideal for these, but can still be very useful.
-
- A semantic net is a collection of items linked with relationships.
- The formalism was originally proposed in the artificial intelligence
- community in the 1970s as an aid to storing sentences on computer: each
- piece of the sentence was an item, and various relationships held them
- together to make the whole text. But today semantic nets are seen more as
- a flexible kind of data storage. Istar offers some, but not all, of this
- flexibility.
-
- For semantic nets items and relationships are all important;
- attributes are less important. So we need to create new types of
- relationship and item for use in our net. But, after reading Using Istar -
- For Inference, you should have enough experience of Istar to be able to do
- this by yourself after reading the Panels chapter, in its sections on
- creating new item and relationship types. So, instead of step by step
- instructions on how to create these, we will look at an example. (This
- part of the tutorial applies only to versions 1.03 and later.)
-
- # Load the 'Philosophy' knowledge base and examine it. It portrays some
- of the flow of philosophical thought up to the time just before the
- Reformation and Renaissance, as a semantic net. The net is based on, and
- is my interpretation of, Survey of the History of Philosophy, classroom
- teaching notes by John Van Dyk, Professor of Philosophy, Dordt.
-
- # It shows many of the major Western philosophers and how they influenced
- each other's thinking. Each has a name, a date and, as meaning, a brief
- description of their philosophical stance. Move the mouse around to see
- their stances. (The item type, Philosopher, was created for this KB by
- hitting the 'New' button beneath the item types list on the KB panel.)
-
- # There is an 'Influence' relationship linking some of them. This shows
- that, for instance, the thinking of Socrates influenced the thinking of
- both Plato and the Cynics. (This type of relationship was created
- specially for this KB, using the 'New' button below the relationship types
- list on the KB panel.)
-
- # Some influence links are a different colour; they show a negative
- influence, in that the later thinking reacted against the earlier and
- developed in an opposing direction. For instance, Tertullian called Plato
- "the father of all error".
-
- # Peruse the whole KB, and see what you pick up about philosophers and how
- Western thinking developed up to the Middle Ages. Alter things if you
- disagree with them.
-
- # It is often useful to see the consequents or antecedents of a given
- thing. Move over to the right and place the mouse cursor over the name box
- of Tertullian. Press the 'A' key (A for antecedent; before version 1.06,
- press the * key on the numeric pad instead; it was changed to 'A' because
- some Amigas did not have that key, and to make it a bit easier to remember
- wbich key to press). You will see most of the net disappear, showing only
- those philosophers and streams of thought that contributed to Tertullian's
- thought (i.e. were antecedent to it).
-
- # Notice how Tertullian reacted against Plato (negative link), but at the
- same time was positively influenced by the Stoics, who were themselves
- positively influenced by Plato. This sounds like a contradiction - when,
- from one box to another, you have two paths of which one is negative and
- one is positive. It is not necessarily so, since Tertullian probably
- absorbed some Platonic ideas while rejecting others.
-
- # Now move the mouse cursor over Plato and press the 'C' key (C for
- consequents; not available before version 1.06). The net shows now all
- those philosophers and philosophical systems that have been influenced by
- Plato, either directly or indirectly - very many of them.
-
- # Notice four things.
-
- # First, notice how you do actually learn something new by persuing the
- KB; it is like a book. (But, in this basic version, don't expect to learn
- too much!)
-
- # Second, notice how certain items, such as Plato and Aristotle, have many
- (consequent) relationships; their influence in philosophy is acknowledged
- to be great. A high branching factor is a visual indication that an item
- is a key item in the domain of knowledge.
-
- # Third, if you know something of philosophy, you might wonder whether
- some links are missing; some undoubtedly are, but notice how it has
- stimulated you to think - a form of knowledge refinement mentioned above.
-
- # Fourth, many of the terms you will not understand. In a mind map this
- can be a problem, so when you make up a mind map, think about how to make
- things more understandable.
-
- The Philosophy KB bundled with version 1.03 and later of Istar is
- fairly basic, and will hopefully be extended in the near future, especially
- to use Topics.
-
-
- Copyright (c) Andrew Basden, 1996, 1997.
-